@conference {570, title = {Making Blockchain Validators Honest}, booktitle = {2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)}, year = {2022}, abstract = {

The importance of honesty among blockchain validators can not be overemphasized, especially as blockchain is used by many as an underlying technology for the development of various Industry 4.0 solutions. In the blockchain consensus process, validators validate the correctness of transactions and propose new blocks for addition to the blockchain. They are rewarded for this task with the blockchain native token (e.g., ETH on the Ethereum blockchain). This reward is often distributed among validators with respect to their staked amount. An increasing number of validators joining the network leads to a decreasing chance of a validator being chosen for the validation task and thus a reduction in the validation reward. This situation results in some form of competition among the validators, leading them to carry out various malicious actions to influence the blockchain validator selection protocol in order to be chosen. In this paper, we examine the competitive interactions between validators in a blockchain consensus process and propose a model using an infinitely repeated game model that ensures that the validators are deterred from behaving maliciously while also encouraging a self-policing notion due to the extra incentive mechanism of an improved reputation score when a validator can verifiably report malicious activities by others. Further, we discuss the factors that can incentivize or disincentivize a validator to either continue to behave honestly or switch to dishonest behavior.

}, doi = {10.1109/BCCA55292.2022.9921952}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9921952}, author = {Salau, Abiola and Dantu, Ram and Morozov, Kirill and Badruddoja, Syed and Upadhyay, Kritagya} } @conference {575, title = {Making Smart Contracts Predict and Scale}, booktitle = {2022 Fourth International Conference on Blockchain Computing and Applications (BCCA)}, year = {2022}, abstract = {

The machine learning algorithms can predict the events based on the trained models and datasets. However, a reliable prediction requires the model to be trusted and tamper-resistant. Blockchain technology provides trusted output with consensus-based transactions and an immutable distributed ledger. The machine learning algorithms can be trained on blockchain smart contracts to produce trusted models for reliable prediction. But most smart contracts in the blockchain do not support floating-point data type, limiting computations for classification, which can affect the prediction accuracy. In this work, we propose a novel method to produce floating-point equivalent probability estimation to classify labels on-chain with a Naive Bayes algorithm. We derive a mathematical model with Taylor series expansion to compute the ratio of the posterior probability of classes to classify labels using integers. Moreover, we implemented our solution in Ethereum blockchain smart-contract with the Solidity programming language, where we achieved a prediction accuracy comparable to the scikit-learn library in Python. Our derived method is platform-agnostic and can be supported in any blockchain network. Furthermore, machine learning and deep-learning algorithms can borrow the derived method.

}, doi = {10.1109/BCCA55292.2022.9922480}, author = {Badruddoja, Syed and Dantu, Ram and He, Yanyan and Thompson, Mark and Salau, Abiola and Upadhyay, Kritagya} } @conference {513, title = {Make Consumers Happy by Defuzzifying the Service Level Agreements}, booktitle = {2021 Third IEEE International Conference on Trust, Privacy and Security in Intelligent Systems and Applications (TPS-ISA)}, year = {2021}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Atlanta, GA, USA}, abstract = {

A Service Level Agreement (SLA) is a special kind of legal contract that binds a vendor to its customers where the vendor commits to provide certain services in exchange for certain payments from the customers. However, when customers do not get the services that they have subscribed for, it becomes a laborious job for customers to contact or visit the company and claim the correct amount of compensation or service credits. On the other hand, a Smart Contract is a contract that is a computer program that also binds multiple parties into given agreements but is a set of precise rules and is self-enforceable and self-executable. In this paper, we have introduced a novel work where we use fuzzy logic inside the Ethereum-based smart contract for two significant objectives. The first objective is to make the claim of the compensation easier and faster for customers by translating the SLA into a smart contract. The second objective is to make the smart contract even smarter and intelligent by implementing fuzzy logic so that customers who have a hard time understanding the legal jargon and ambiguities of the legal contract and SLA to find out if the compensation amount they are getting when the service is poor is good enough. Since fuzzy logic models semantics of linguistic expressions by capturing vagueness in the fuzzy sets, it becomes easier to solve the problem of contractual ambiguities and expedite the process of claiming compensation when implemented in a Blockchain-based smart contract.

}, keywords = {ambiguity, blockchain, clauses, complexity, Ethereum, Fuzzy logic, interpretations, service level agreement, SLA, smart contract, smart legal contract}, isbn = {978-1-6654-1623-8}, doi = {10.1109/TPSISA52974.2021.00011}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9750258}, author = {Upadhyay, Kritagya and Dantu, Ram and He, Yanyan and Salau, Abiola and Badruddoja, Syed} } @conference {533, title = {Making Smart Contracts Smarter}, booktitle = {2021 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC)}, year = {2021}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Sydney, Australia}, abstract = {

Blockchain technology develops static smart contracts for decentralized business transactions, lacks dynamic decision-making capabilities that limit the possibilities of ever-increasing demands of modern business applications. Artificial intelligence, a computational prediction platform provides intelligent predictions, actions, and recognition that lacks the ability to hold on to the integrity of the prediction result and requires the help of external authorities to secure the system. Blockchain-based AI prediction can cover the gaps of individual technologies and can mutually benefit from one another to develop a decentralized machine learning architecture that promises to yield better security, automation, and dynamism of the application. This paper proposes a Naive Bayes prediction algorithm to perform prediction with inside blockchain smart contracts that promises to open up more opportunities in the field of Blockchain-AI decentralized applications.

}, keywords = {artificial intelligence, blockchain, DApp, machine learning, Naive Bayes, smart contract}, isbn = {978-1-6654-3578-9}, doi = {10.1109/ICBC51069.2021.9461148}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9461148}, author = {Badruddoja, Syed and Dantu, Ram and He, Yanyan and Upadhayay, Kritagya and Thompson, Mark} } @conference {582, title = {Micro-Accreditation for Matching Employer E-Hire Needs}, booktitle = {2019 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain (Blockchain)}, year = {2019}, abstract = {

This paper presents a novel way to help match employers{\textquoteright} knowledge requirements with students{\textquoteright} knowledge earned using blockchain{\textquoteright}s smart contracts to assure credentials and track student records. This decentralized approach proposes using the micro-accreditation of topics from the CAE framework to courses and associated tasks, while introducing a revolutionary idea of a blockchain-based peer-reviewed rigor score assignment. Our work and result metrics were completed in Ethereum and connected test networks. We concluded this new approach is mostly efficient and scalable depending on the network load, with faster transaction times when the miners are properly incentivized. Future work will include further fine-tuning of the transaction algorithms to improve time, as well as an investigation into a better consensus model for peer review and rigor determination.

}, doi = {10.1109/Blockchain.2019.00054}, author = {Zaccagni, Zachary and Paul, Aditya and Dantu, Ram} } @conference {269, title = {A Multi-Modal Neuro-Physiological Study of Malicious Insider Threats}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 International Workshop on Managing Insider Security Threats}, year = {2017}, publisher = {ACM}, organization = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, keywords = {electroencephalogram (eeg), eye tracking, insider threat, neuroscience}, isbn = {978-1-4503-5177-5}, doi = {10.1145/3139923.3139930}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/3139923.3139930}, author = {Hashem, Yassir and Takabi, Hassan and Ram Dantu and Nielsen, Rodney} } @article {9, title = {Magnetic Maps for Indoor Navigation}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement}, volume = {60}, year = {2011}, pages = {3883 - 3891}, abstract = {

Magnetic field fluctuations and anomalies inside buildings tend to have a great effect on the compass, which is one of the simplest navigation devices. Alternative navigation requires landmark identification, so those landmarks can be used as guideposts in assisting individuals. By employing a mobile phone with built\_in magnetometer, an extensive data set of 2000 measurements was collected. Using these fields, we identify landmarks and guideposts and create magnetic maps for multiple corridors of a floor in a building. Different phones are used at different sensitivity rates, which effectively portray similar results. Magnetic signatures are used for identifying locations and rooms and are independent of the person, the phone, and the sensitivity of the sensor being used. Magnetic field behavior is demonstrated and compared with theoretical distributions of these fields. The developed magnetic maps can complement existing visual maps for location tracking and navigation of autonomous robots indoors. These maps are particularly useful during limited visual feedback in poor lighting conditions. Moreover, building designers could include this landmark and guidepost information when developing the architecture of a building, which could in turn help people or robots navigate during disasters and emergency evacuations.

}, keywords = {Buildings, Magnetic field measurement, Magnetic field measurements, Magnetic fields, Magnetometers, Mobile handsets, mobile phones, Navigation, sensors, Uncertainty}, doi = {10.1109/TIM.2011.2147690}, author = {Gozick, Brandon and Subbu, Kalyan and Ram Dantu and Maeshiro, Tomyo} } @article {42, title = {Mobile Social Group Sizes and Scaling Ratio}, journal = {AI Soc.}, volume = {26}, year = {2011}, pages = {71{\textendash}85}, abstract = {

Social data mining has become an emerging area of research in information and communication technology fields. The scope of social data mining has expanded significantly in the recent years with the advance of telecommunication technologies and the rapidly increasing accessibility of computing resources and mobile devices. People increasingly engage in and rely on phone communications for both personal and business purposes. Hence, mobile phones become an indispensable part of life for many people. In this article, we perform social data mining on mobile social networking by presenting a simple but efficient method to define social closeness and social grouping, which are then used to identify social sizes and scaling ratio of close to {\textquotedblleft}8{\textquotedblright}. We conclude that social mobile network is a subset of the face-to-face social network, and both groupings are not necessary the same, hence the scaling ratios are distinct. Mobile social data mining.

}, issn = {0951-5666}, doi = {10.1007/s00146-009-0230-5}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00146-009-0230-5}, author = {Phithakkitnukoon, Santi and Ram Dantu} } @conference {40, title = {Mobile Social Closeness and Communication Patterns}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Conference on Consumer Communications and Networking Conference}, year = {2010}, publisher = {IEEE Press}, organization = {IEEE Press}, address = {Piscataway, NJ, USA}, abstract = {

As mobile networks expand rapidly to facilitate the rising number of mobile phone population, more mobile social services are being developed and offered. To create an efficient social functionality, characteristics of mobile social network must be studied. Social closeness is one of the basic fundamentals of any kind of social networking. In this paper, closeness in mobile social network is the subject of the study, from which social grouping scheme is proposed and validated against the feedbacks of human subjects. Based on the proposed grouping scheme, a study of the impact of the mobile social closeness to the similarity in calling patterns and reciprocity is presented.

}, isbn = {978-1-4244-5175-3}, url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1834217.1834285}, author = {Phithakkitnukoon, Santi and Ram Dantu} } @article {290, title = {Method and system for managing wireless bandwidth resources}, year = {2009}, month = {05/2009}, publisher = {Cisco Technology Inc}, chapter = {US7539499B2}, address = {US}, abstract = {

A method and system for managing wireless bandwidth resources include the capability to receive at a serving node a service request for a mobile unit and to communicate with a wireless network node to determine whether sufficient wireless bandwidth is available for the requested service. The method and system also include the capability to process the service request based on the availability of wireless bandwidth.

}, keywords = {data, mobile, node, service, unit}, url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US7539499B2/en}, author = {Holur, Balaji and Ram Dantu and Derrick, Charles} } @article {285, title = {Method and system for providing wireless-specific services for a wireless access network}, year = {2009}, month = {12/2009}, publisher = {Cisco Technology Inc}, chapter = {US7639647B2}, address = {US}, abstract = {

A method and system for providing wireless-specific services for a wireless access network includes receiving at a call agent of a wireless access network a call origination for a mobile device. Whether the device is registered on the wireless access network is determined. If the mobile device is not registered, whether the mobile device is active is determined at a mobility control function (MCF). If the mobile device is active, the call is connected to the mobile device with a call agent based on a temporary line directory number (TLDN) assigned by the MCF and passed to the call agent in an extended session initiation protocol (SIP) message.

}, keywords = {agent, call, mcf, mobile, network}, url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US7639647/en}, author = {Ram Dantu and Chiang, Shihlung and Yin, Haochih and Kachhla, Rasik} } @article {291, title = {Method and system for providing supplementary services for a wireless access network}, year = {2008}, month = {10/2008}, publisher = {Cisco Technology Inc}, chapter = {US7444151B2}, address = {US}, abstract = {

A method and system for providing supplementary services for a wireless access network includes downloading supplementary service triggers from a call agent to a mobility control function (MCF) for a wireless access network. Wireless-specific signaling of the wireless access network is communicated to the MCF. The MCF detects events associated with a trigger based on the wireless-specific signaling. The call agent is informed of the events by the MCF through session initiating protocol (SIP) extensions.

}, keywords = {agent, call, mcf, network, wireless}, url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US7444151/en}, author = {Ram Dantu and Chiang, Shihlung and Yin, Haochih and Kachhla, Rasik} } @article {289, title = {Method and system of control signaling for a wireless access network}, year = {2008}, month = {12/2008}, publisher = {Cisco Technology Inc}, address = {US}, abstract = {

A method and system of control signaling for a wireless access network includes receiving from a wireless access network a signaling message for a mobile device. The signaling message is in a wireless-specific format. The signaling message is converted to a native format of a call agent to generate a call agent message. The call agent message comprises wireless-specific information of the signaling message.

}, keywords = {agent, call, mcf, message, network}, issn = {US7471674B2}, url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US7471674/en}, author = {Ram Dantu and Chiang, Shihlung and Yin, Haochih and Kachhla, Rasik} } @article {292, title = {Method and system for providing services for wireless data calls}, year = {2007}, month = {05/2007}, publisher = {Cisco Technology Inc}, address = {US}, abstract = {

A method and system for providing services for wireless data calls includes monitoring a wireless data call for a predefined event associated with a service for the wireless data call. The service is initiated for the wireless data call in response to detecting the predefined event for the data call. The predefined event may comprise a uniform resource locator (URL) match or change, excess use of transmission or time resources, a location change of a mobile device for the wireless data call, a network event, or a combination of any or all suitable events.

}, keywords = {call, data, network, service, wireless}, issn = {US7225238B1}, url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US7225238/en}, author = {Ram Dantu and Patel, Pulin and Patel, Pravir and Garbuz, Alexander and Miernik, Jerzy and Patel, Achal and Holur, Balaji} } @article {287, title = {Method and system for configuring wireless routers and networks}, year = {2006}, month = {04/2006}, publisher = {Cisco Technology Inc}, address = {US}, abstract = {

A method and system for configuring a wireless router and a wireless communications network includes establishing connectivity between a wireless router and at least one wireline router. Connectivity between the wireless router and a plurality of neighboring wireless routers is established through the wireline router. The wireless router is configured based on information exchanged with the neighboring wireless routers through the wireline router.

}, keywords = {parameters, router, state, step, wireless}, issn = {US7031266B1}, url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US7031266/en}, author = {Patel, Pulin and Choksi, Ojas and Davidson, Kenneth and Ram Dantu} } @article {298, title = {Method and system of integrated rate control for a traffic flow across wireline and wireless networks}, year = {2005}, month = {06/2005}, publisher = {Cisco Technology Inc}, address = {US}, abstract = {

A method and system of integrated rate control for a traffic flow extending across wireline and wireless networks includes determining a power indicator for a wireless link of a traffic flow between a source and a mobile device. Delivery of a feedback message generated by the mobile device is shaped based on the power indicator for the wireless link to control the source transmit rate of the traffic flow.

}, keywords = {control, flow, power, rate, wireless}, issn = {US6904286B1}, url = {https://patents.google.com/patent/US6904286B1/en}, author = {Ram Dantu} } @article {277, title = {Micromanipulator vision for wafer probing}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Semiconductor Manufacturing}, volume = {2}, year = {1989}, month = {08/1989}, pages = {114-117}, abstract = {

An overview is presented of a micromanipulator vision system for use in automating various functions during the testing of a wafer for semiconductor parameters and inspection of VLSI circuits. It is assumed that the wafer under test is not necessarily in its proper orientation. It is required that certain probes be lowered automatically onto certain pads to inject test vectors and to read the results for analysis. A methodology was developed for determining the position (especially the vertical distance from the target) of the tip of a probe, so that it can be guided accurately to its target pad. Standard image processing steps used for efficient feature extraction and registration of the target integrated circuit are outlined, and a method of obtaining the vertical distance of the tip of a probe from its target pad is presented. Two different criteria through which it can be established whether a probe is in contact with its target are given. The algorithm developed was tested for touch using different types of tips such as tungsten and tungsten carbide, and with NMOS and CMOS processes. Clean and accurate representations of the probes were extracted from integrated images in all the tests, and in all cases, touch was achieved without the surface being scratched

}, keywords = {Automatic testing, automating various functions, Circuit testing, CMOS processes, computer vision, computerised picture processing, efficient feature extraction, image processing steps, Inspection, inspection of VLSI circuits, Machine vision, micromanipulator vision system, Micromanipulators, NMOS ICs, overview, Probes, registration, Semiconductor device testing, System testing, Tungsten, vertical distance, Very large scale integration, VLSI, W tip, wafer probing, WC tip}, issn = {0894-6507}, doi = {10.1109/66.29680}, author = {Ram Dantu and Dimopoulos, Nikitas and Patel, Rajni and Al-Khalili, Asim} } @conference {284, title = {A micro-manipulator vision in IC Manufacturing}, booktitle = {Proceedings. 1988 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation}, year = {1988}, month = {Apr}, abstract = {

An overview is presented of a micromanipulator vision system for use in automating various functions during the testing of a wafer for semiconducting parameters and inspection of VLSI circuits. Positioning the probe and touching a test pad are the chief concern of the work desired. A brief description of the experimental setup is given. The image processing techniques used in identifying and controlling the location of various components such as the probes and the test pads are discussed. The vision modules and an expert system using hierarchical plan generation to control the sequence of plans are included

}, keywords = {Automatic testing, Circuit testing, computer vision, computer vision module, computerised pattern recognition, expert system, expert systems, IC Manufacturing, image processing, industrial robots, Inspection, integrated circuit manufacture, integrated circuit testing, Machine vision, Manufacturing, micromanipulator vision, Micromanipulators, Probes, robots, Semiconductivity, Semiconductor device manufacture, Semiconductor device testing, System testing, test pads, VLSI, wafer testing}, doi = {10.1109/ROBOT.1988.12271}, author = {Ram Dantu and Dimopoulos, Nikitas and Patel, Rajni and Al-Khalili, Asim} }