@article {15, title = {Cuffless Differential Blood Pressure Estimation Using Smart Phones}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering}, volume = {60}, year = {2013}, pages = {1080 - 1089}, abstract = {

Smart phones today have become increasingly popular with the general public for their diverse functionalities such as navigation, social networking, and multimedia facilities. These phones are equipped with high-end processors, high-resolution cameras, and built-in sensors such as accelerometer, orientation-sensor, and light-sensor. According to comScore survey, 26.2\% of U.S. adults use smart phones in their daily lives. Motivated by this statistic and the diverse capability of smart phones, we focus on utilizing them for biomedical applications. We present a new application of the smart phone with its built-in camera and microphone replacing the traditional stethoscope and cuff-based measurement technique, to quantify vital signs such as heart rate and blood pressure. We propose two differential blood pressure estimating techniques using the heartbeat and pulse data. The first method uses two smart phones whereas the second method replaces one of the phones with a customized external microphone. We estimate the systolic and diastolic pressure in the two techniques by computing the pulse pressure and the stroke volume from the data recorded. By comparing the estimated blood pressure values with those measured using a commercial blood pressure meter, we obtained encouraging results of 95{\textendash}100\% accuracy.

}, keywords = {Blood pressure, cuffless, Estimation, finger pulse, Heart, Microphones, mobile camera, Mobile communication, mobile phone, Synchronization, Valves, vascular transit time}, doi = {10.1109/TBME.2012.2211078}, author = {Chandrasekaran, Vikram and Ram Dantu and Jonnada, Srikanth and Thiyagaraja, Shanti and Subbu, Kalyan} } @article {8, title = {Safe Driving Using Mobile Phones}, journal = {Trans. Intell. Transport. Sys.}, year = {2012}, abstract = {

As vehicle manufacturers continue to increase their emphasis on safety with advanced driver-assistance systems (ADASs), we propose a device that is not only already in abundance but portable enough as well to be one of the most effective multipurpose devices that are able to analyze and advise on safety conditions. Mobile smartphones today are equipped with numerous sensors that can help to aid in safety enhancements for drivers on the road. In this paper, we use the three-axis accelerometer of an Android-based smartphone to record and analyze various driver behaviors and external road conditions that could potentially be hazardous to the health of the driver, the neighboring public, and the automobile. Effective use of these data can educate a potentially dangerous driver on how to safely and efficiently operate a vehicle. With real-time analysis and auditory alerts of these factors, we can increase a driver{\textquoteright}s overall awareness to maximize safety.

}, keywords = {Accelerometer, mobile phone, road conditions, sensors, vehicle safety}, doi = {10.1109/TITS.2012.2187640}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TITS.2012.2187640}, author = {Fazeen, Mohamed and Gozick, Brandon and Ram Dantu and Bhukhiya, Moiz and Gonz{\'a}lez, Marta C.} } @conference {21, title = {Evaluation of gyroscope-embedded mobile phones}, booktitle = {Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), 2011 IEEE International Conference on}, year = {2011}, address = {Anchorage, AK}, abstract = {

Many mobile phone applications such as pedometers and navigation systems rely on orientation sensors that most smartphones are now equipped with. Unfortunately, these sensors rely on measured accelerometer and magnetic field data to determine the orientation. Thus, accelerations upon the phone which arise from everyday use alter orientation information. Similarly, external magnetic interferences from indoor/urban settings affect the heading calculation, resulting in inaccurate directional information. The inability to determine the orientation during everyday use inhibits many potential mobile applications development. In this work, we exploit the newly built-in gyroscope in the Nexus S smartphone to address the interference problems associated with the orientation sensor. We first perform drift error analysis and apply this to gyroscope calculations. We test simple as well as complex rotations seen in walking applications. We lastly test the gyroscope{\textquoteright}s resistance to described interferences. Experiments show angular calculations with percent error no larger than 6\% from actual rotated values. Further, we are able to determine the phone{\textquoteright}s orientation at any time, in magnetically-interfered areas, with the phone accelerating. With this accurate information we can virtually orient the phone to better use mobile-acquired data. This shows that the presence of a gyroscope in smartphones will certainly aid in numerous applications.

}, keywords = {Acceleration, Accelerometer, Accelerometers, Angular rotation, Gyroscope, Gyroscopes, Magnetic sensors, Mobile communication, Mobile handsets, mobile phone, Orientation sensor}, isbn = {978-1-4577-0652-3}, doi = {10.1109/ICSMC.2011.6083905}, author = {Barthold, Christopher and Subbu, Kalyan and Ram Dantu} } @conference {35, title = {Are You a Safe Driver?}, booktitle = {2009 International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering}, year = {2009}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, organization = {IEEE Computer Society}, address = {Washington, DC, USA}, abstract = {

As the world continues to enhance and strengthen its emergency services, mobile phones may be used to aid in safe driving practices and detection of emergencies. To our knowledge, no work has been reported in understanding vehicle motion using accelerometers/compass in cell phones. In this paper, we used the multiple sensors in a Google phone to classify safe versus unsafe driving. In particular, we used breaking distance, acceleration, and deceleration for detecting safe verses unsafe braking. Next, we calculated the displacement in the axis perpendicular to the trajectory of vehicle and used it to classify safe and unsafe lane changes. The direction of the phone with respect to the motion of the vehicle is important during calibration of the above measurements, so we used 2D and 3D rotation matrices for transforming device orientation. Future work includes calibration of braking distance, lane changes, and reliable transformation of phone orientation with respect to trajectory of the vehicle.

}, keywords = {Accelerometer, Android, driving, emergency, mobile phone, orientation, safe, unsafe}, isbn = {978-0-7695-3823-5}, doi = {10.1109/CSE.2009.331}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CSE.2009.331}, author = {Langle, Lonnie and Ram Dantu} } @conference {50, title = {CPL: Enhancing Mobile Phone Functionality by Call Predicted List}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the OTM Confederated International Workshops and Posters on On the Move to Meaningful Internet Systems: 2008 Workshops: ADI, AWeSoMe, COMBEK, EI2N, IWSSA, MONET, OnToContent + QSI, ORM, PerSys, RDDS, SEMELS, and SWWS}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, organization = {Springer-Verlag}, address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, abstract = {

In this paper, we present a concept of a new advanced feature for a mobile phone that provides its user functionality for predicting future calls. The feature is envisaged as a Call Predicted List (CPL) which makes use of the user{\textquoteright}s call history to build a probabilistic model of calling behavior based on the caller{\textquoteright}s calling patterns and reciprocity. The calling behavior model is then used to generate a list of numbers/contacts that are the most likely to be callers in the next hour. The performance of the CPL is evaluated with the real-life call logs and it shows promising results in accuracy.

}, keywords = {Call prediction, Context-aware computing, mobile phone}, isbn = {978-3-540-88874-1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-540-88875-8_80}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88875-8_80}, author = {Phithakkitnukoon, Santi and Ram Dantu} }